Those who dream by night, in the dusty recesses of their minds, wake in the day to find that all was vanity, but the dreamers of the day are dangerous men, for they act their dreams with open eyes, and make it possible. TE Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)

PRESENTATIONS:

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

PREZI PRESENTATION

EXAMPLES OF SYMBOLISM:

Rocks – Jean-Paul Sartre used the symbol of rocks to represent people who fail to act and define themselves.

Crucifixion – One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Dead Man Walking used crucifixion to represent suffering and Christianity.

Roses – They represent purity and love because they sprang from the blood of Adonis who loved Aphrodite. A great example is
American Beauty.

Lawnmower – Used in Lawnmower Man, and Sling Blade. What could a lawnmower represent?

Weeds – A great example is Perre Shelton’s poem Dandelion. What do dandelions and weeds represent?

Train - Runaway Train / Harold and Maude – What does a train or disconnected boxcar represent?

FOUR TYPES OF LITERATURE:

Fiction
Nonfiction
Drama
Poetry

FICTION: (nonfactual / imaginative)

Two Types:

Realistic (verisimilitude)
Nonrealistic (fantasy)

Two Categories:

Novel – A long work with many characters.
Short Story

NOVEL:

TYPES OF SUBJECT MATTER:

1. Sociological-panoramic: covers many years and settings.

2. Dramatic-intimate: covers a restricted time and setting.

TYPES OF NOVELS:

1. Epistolary – told through letters (The Color Purple)

2. Gothic – medieval mystery and terror (Fiction)

3. Historical – realistic epoch.

4. Manners – Social customs (Pride and Prejudice)

5. Picaresque – adventures of a traveler (Yhomas Nash – The Unfortunate Traveler)

6. Psychological – emphases is on the characters motives and inner-world that triggers events. Events also trigger the inner world. This raises the question: do we have free will, or are all our actions predetermined. (Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace)

7. Sentimental – exaggerated emotional focus (Samuel Richardson – Pamela)

SHORT STORIES:

Usually a single scene with few characters that are underdeveloped. Fables and folklores are examples. In a fable the characters are animals, and there is a moral to the story. (Aesop’s Fables)

NONFICTION: (factual) p188

TYPES:

1. Biography – about a person’s life.

2. Hagiogrphy – a biography about a religious person

3. Essay – Nonfiction Informal - brief, conversational, loose structure. Formal – longer, structured, impersonal subject, less emphasis on author’s personality.

4. Speech

TECHNICAL DEVICES

Point of View – the perspective from which the story is told.

Three Types:

1. First Person Singular – told from a character’s point of view

2. Third Person - has two types:
a. Singular – from a character that isn’t in the story.
b. Omniscient – from all the characters’ perspective or no characters’ perspective.

TONE:

How something is said changes the meaning.

P O E T R Y

Peter Gabriel - Mercy Street - Live in Milan 2003

Anne Sexton (1928 - 1974)
video | 45 Mercy Street | poems | life

William Shakespeare

SOME TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC

A short poem that is sung.
Jill Scott - Love Rain

HAIKU
A Japanese poem written in three lines.

Five Syllables

Seven Syllables

Five Syllables

Does this poem have the right number of syllables per line? Here is a tip; try clapping.

A still water pond.

A rock that sits by the brook.

No ripples, no mind.

):(

John Chiappone

NARRATIVE POEMS

Poems that tell a story.

CONCRETE POEMS

Concrete poems arrange their words to create a picture of the subject of the poem (example).

FREE VERSE POETRY – Modern poetry that is free form like Jazz. It has no ridged structure, doesn't necessarily rhyme, sounds conversational, and improvisational.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

POET - the author of a poem.

SPEAKER - the “narrator” of a poem.

IMAGERY

Reading can cause sense perceptions like sights, sounds, tastes, tactile sensations, and smells.

METAPHOR

A direct comparison of two unlike things:

Juliet is the Sun, and I am moon.

SIMILE - A comparison of two things using “like, as, or resembles.” For example: Juliet is like the Sun, and I resemble the moon. She’s like a maze where all the walls continually change. – Daughters by John Mayer

ONOMATOPOEIA

Words that imitate the sounds they describe.

Roy Lichtenstein Whaam

Examples: Buzz , oink, meow, roar, rip, zip, and zap.

HYPERBOLE

It is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. Hyperbole is used to create emphasis, but it is rarely meant to be taken literally.

Examples:

* These books weigh a ton. (The books are heavy.)

* The path went on forever. (The path was really long.)

* He jumped a mile. (He jumped very high.)

* I'm doing a million things right now. (I'm busy.)

* I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. (I'm very hungry)

PERSONIFICATION

Giving anthropomorphic (human) qualities to an animal or inanimate object.

Examples:

"Arise fair sun, and kill the envious moon." - Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare

FORM - the appearance of the words on the page

LINE - a line of the poem

STANZA - a paragraph or group of lines

Line:	As I was sitting in my chair,	end rhyme	Stanza
Line:	I knew the bottom wasn't there,	end rhyme
Line:	Nor legs nor back, but I just sat,	end rhyme
Line:	Ignoring little things like that.	end rhyme

TYPES OF STANZA:

Couplet - 2 lines

Triplet - 3 lines

Quatrain - 4 lines

Quintet - 5 lines

Sestet - 6 lines

Septet - 7 lines

Octave - 8 lines

STRUCTURE – P194

Lines with the same: number of words, syllables, accents, rhyme etc.

SOUND STRUCTURE

Four Types:

1. Rhyme – words that sound alike.

2. Alliteration – repeating an initial sound: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

3. Assonance – uses similar vowels: In Xanadu did Kubla Khan - by Coleridge
Mad as a Hatter

4. Consonance – repeated consonants: Susan’s Mississippi Sightseeing.

RHYTHM - The beat of a poem. Meter, rhyme, assonance, consonance, alliteration, and refrain contribute to a poem’s rhythm.

FOOT – a pattern of stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) syllables.

TYPES OF FEET

Trochaic - stressed, unstressed

Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

Iambic - unstressed, stressed

Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed

METER - A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables on a line.

TYPES OF METER

Monometer - 1 foot per line

Dimeter - 2 feet

Trimeter - 3 feet

Tetrameter - 4 feet

Pentameter - 5 feet

Hexameter - 6 feet

Heptameter - 7 feet

Octometer - 8 feet

RHYME - Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowels and consonants.

FLOWER

TOWER

END RHYME - words at the end of lines that rhyme.

Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer's Day?

by William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Sonnet #18

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date".

- William Shakespear

INTERNAL RHYME

Words that rhyme inside a line.

The Raven
by Edgar Allan Poe (1809 – 1849)

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door -

Only this, and nothing more."

RHYME SCHEME - a pattern of rhymes:

Robert Herrick
To Anthea, who may Command him Anything

Bid me to weep, and I will weep	A
While I have eyes to see;	B
And having none, and yet I will keep	A
A heart to weep for thee.	B

My Mistress' Eyes are nothing like the Sun.
By William Shakespeare

Sonnet 130

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lip's red;

If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun,

If hair be wires, black wires grow on her head.

I have seen roses damasked, red and white,

But no such roses see I in her cheeks;

In some perfumes there is more delight

10 syllables

strong, weak, strong

Than the breath with which my mistress reeks.

I love to hear her speak, yet well I know,

Music hath a far more pleasing sound;

I grant I never saw a goddess go;

My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground.

And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare

As any she belied with false compare.

ASSONANCE

The repetition of vowels.

Examples of Assonance:

- Hear the mellow wedding bells. — Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells"

- That solitude which suits abstruser musings - Samuel Coleridge

- On a proud round cloud in a white high night - E. E. Cummings, if a Cheer Rules Elephant Angel Child Should

CONSONANCE

The repetition of the same consonants. For example: "all mammals named Sam are clammy".

ALLITERATION

Alliteration is a special case of consonance where the repeated consonant sound is at the beginning of each word, as in: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.