DRAWING

DRY MEDIA

Graphite:

Charcoal:

Charcoal is produced by heating wood in the absence of oxygen. The final result is up to 98% carbon.

Charcoal can be smudged with your fingers - to achieve a sense of volume and three-dimensionality (chiaroscuro - Italian for light-dark). A resin is sprayed over the drawing to fix the image.
 

Robert Longo – Charcoal Drawings

Chalk:

Chalk is a sedimentary rock that is formed underwater. It's composed of calcium carbonate. 

It can also be smudged with your fingers - to achieve chiaroscuro.

Sidewalk Art and Perspective
 

Gaetano Gandolfi (1734–1802) Italian Baroque painter.
Cain and Abel - chalk on paper

Gaetano Gandolfi Seated Male Nude - chalk on paper

Gaetano Gandolfi (1734 - 1802) was an Italian painter of the late Baroque and early Neoclassic period.

Pastel:

Pastels consist of powdered pigments in a binder. These pigments are the same that are used in other art media. Their colors are vibrant, and their name is also used to describe the type of colors that pastels produce.

Pastels can also be smudge and worked with the fingers, but they require no spray fixative.

Mary Cassatt - Sleepy Baby 1910

Edgar Degas - Ballet Dancers in the Wings

Jean Etienne Liotard (1702 at Geneva – 1789 in Geneva)  Swiss-French painter - Portrait of a Young Woman

WET MEDIA

Pen and Ink:

Different intensities can be created by diluting the ink.

Amedeo Modigliani - Ritratto di Donna Rossa
Pen and Ink

Michelangelo

Bistre Ink was made by boiling large quantities of wood creosote (chimney soot). The preferred wood is beech, and the resulting ink is silky smooth - with a warn golden brown colors.

Wash and Brush:

Ink is diluted with water, and washed onto paper with a brush.

Waterfall and Monkeys by Shibata Zeshin, 1872

PAINTING

Watercolor:

Watercolor paint is fast drying, transparent, and is diluted with water.
 

Albrect Durer - A Young Hare, 1502 - watercolor

Van Goh 1883

Acrylic:

The pigments of acrylic paint are suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion. The paint is water soluble, and when diluting, the media is like watercolors. 

The paint is inferior because it's fast drying. Recent advancements have made this media as durable as oil paint. 



Oil Paint:

The pigments of oil paint are suspended in linseed oil. It can be diluted with linseed oil, turpentine, or varnish; varnish creates a glossy finish. Technically the oil never fully dries.

Oil is slow to dry, so the artist has ample time to work the paint, or wipe the paint off the canvass. Intense details, shading, and chiaroscuro can be created with this paint. Photo realism became possible with the invention of this media.

Landscape by Chen Chengpo, 1933

Note: Chinese oil painting is not a common practice.

Photorealism

Fresco:

In buon fresco pigments are mixed with water, and applied on wet lime mortar. The plaster serves as a binder. Because the plaster dries fast, this technique is done in sections. Colors are limited, because some pigments don't react well with lime.

Secco frescos are painted on dry plaster, so the pigments require a binder. Egg tempera was the most common paint used. Secco work is often done on top of a buon fresco to: give the work more detail, add a color unavailable with buon fresco (blue for example), and to correct mistakes. Unfortunately secco frescos don't last as long.

Franz Marc - Red and Blue Horses, 1912, Tempera on Paper

Franz Marc (1880 – 1916) was a German painter and printmaker. He was one of the key figures of the German Expressionist movement.

Printing

Relief Etching:
 

In relief etching groves are cut into a plate or wood block (matrix). Ink is applied to the surface, and paper is pressed onto the surface. The ink on the raised areas transfers onto the paper. The cut out areas become the negative space.
 

THE BOOK OF URIZEN by William Blake, 1818

Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji
Woodblock
 Katsushika Hokusai, Japan (1760–1849)

 

№	Image	English title	Japanese title
1		The Great Wave off Kanagawa	神奈川沖浪裏 Kanagawa oki nami-ura
2		South Wind, Clear Sky (also known as Red Fuji)	凱風快晴 Gaifū kaisei
3		Rainstorm Beneath the Summit	山下白雨 Sanka hakū
4		Under Mannen Bridge at Fukagawa	深川万年橋下 Fukagawa Mannen-bashi shita
5		Sundai, Edo	東都駿台 Tōto sundai
6		The Blue Mountain and Circle of Pine Trees	青山円座松 Aoyama enza-no-matsu
7		Senju, Musashi Province	武州千住 Bushū Senju
8		Inume Pass, Kōshū	甲州犬目峠 Kōshū inume-tōge
9		Fuji View Field in Owari Province	尾州不二見原 Bishū Fujimigahara
10		Ejiri in the Suruga Province	駿州江尻 Sunshū Ejiri
11		A sketch of the Mitsui shop in Suruga in Edo	江都駿河町三井見世略図 Kōto Suruga-cho Mitsui Miseryakuzu
12		Sunset across the Ryōgoku bridge from the bank of the Sumida River at Onmayagashi	御厩川岸より両国橋夕陽見 Ommayagashi yori ryōgoku-bashi yūhi mi
13		Sazai hall - Temple of Five Hundred Rakan	五百らかん寺さざゐどう Gohyaku-rakanji Sazaidō
14		Tea house at Koishikawa. The morning after a snowfall	礫川雪の旦 Koishikawa yuki no ashita
15		Below Meguro	下目黒 Shimo-Meguro
16		Watermill at Onden	隠田の水車 Onden no suisha
17		Enoshima in Sagami Province	相州江の島 Soshū Enoshima
18		Shore of Tago Bay, Ejiri at Tōkaidō	東海道江尻田子の浦略図 Tōkaidō Ejiri tago-no-ura
19		Yoshida at Tōkaidō	東海道吉田 Tōkaidō Yoshida
20		The Kazusa Province sea route	上総の海路 Kazusa no kairo
21		Nihonbashi bridge in Edo	江戸日本橋 Edo Nihon-bashi
22		Barrier Town on the Sumida River	隅田川関屋の里 Sumidagawa Sekiya no sato
23		Bay of Noboto	登戸浦 Noboto-ura
24		The lake of Hakone in Sagami Province	相州箱根湖水 Sōshū Hakone kosui
25		Mount Fuji reflects in Lake Kawaguchi, seen from the Misaka Pass in Kai Province	甲州三坂水面 Kōshū Misaka suimen
26		Hodogaya on the Tōkaidō	東海道保ケ谷 Tōkaidō Hodogaya
27		Tama River in Musashi Province	武州玉川 Bushū Tamagawa
28		Asakusa Hongan-ji temple in the Eastern capital [Edo]	東都浅草本願寺 Tōto Asakusa honganji
29		Tsukuda Island in Musashi Province	武陽佃島 Buyō Tsukuda-jima
30		Shichiri beach in Sagami Province	相州七里浜 Soshū Shichiri-ga-hama
31		Umegawa in Sagami Province	相州梅沢庄 Soshū umezawanoshō
32		Kajikazawa in Kai Province	甲州石班沢 Kōshū Kajikazawa
33		Mishima Pass in Kai Province	甲州三嶌越 Kōshū Mishima-goe
34		Mount Fuji from the mountains of Tōtōmi	遠江山中 Tōtōmi sanchū
35		Lake Suwa in Shinano Province	信州諏訪湖 Shinshū Suwa-ko
36		Ushibori in Hitachi Province	常州牛掘 Jōshū Ushibori

Additional 10
 

№	Image	English title	Japanese title
1		Goten-yama-hill, Shinagawa on the Tōkaidō	東海道品川御殿山の不二 Tōkaidō Shinagawa Goten'yama no Fuji
2		Honjo Tatekawa, the timberyard at Honjo	本所立川 Honjo Tatekawa
3		Pleasure District at Senju	従千住花街眺望の不二 Senju Hana-machi Yori Chōbō no Fuji
4		Nakahara in Sagami Province	相州仲原 Sōshū Nakahara
5		Ōno Shinden in the Suruga Province	駿州大野新田 Sunshū Ōno-shinden
6		Climbing on Fuji	諸人登山 Shojin tozan
7		The Tea plantation of Katakura in Suruga Province	駿州片倉茶園の不二 Sunshū Katakura chaen no Fuji
8		The Fuji from Kanaya on the Tōkaidō	東海道金谷の不二 Tōkaidō Kanaya no Fuji
9		Dawn at Isawa in Kai Province	甲州伊沢暁 Kōshū Isawa no Akatsuki
10		The back of Fuji from the Minobu river	身延川裏不二 Minobu-gawa ura Fuji

MOVABLE TYPE PRINTING

Johannes Gutenberg (1398–1468) was a German goldsmith, printer, and publisher. His invented movable type printing in 1439. The design of his press was taken from the wine screw presses at the time - see picture below. Before the invention of movable type, books were handwritten, or they were printed using the woodblock method.

WINE PRESS

Gutenberg Press

Movable Type

Intaglio:
 

Intaglio printing is the opposite of relief printing. The plate is inked, and the surface is wiped clean, so ink remains in the etched groves. Dampened paper is pressed onto the plate under great pressure - to force the paper into the groves. The ink in the groves transfers onto the paper.

This process can be done by cutting groves into the plate, or a resin can be applied to the matrix. Paper is placed on top of the matrix, and a drawing is done. Where the artist has drawn, the resin transfers onto the paper - leaving the metal plate exposed. The plate is soaked in acid, and these exposed areas are etched.

Printed Circuit Board

Planographic Printing:

The artist paints ink onto a flat unetched metal plate. Paper is pressed onto the plate. This creates a single onetime print.

 

Lithography:

Giclιe Printing:

The word giclιe (zhee-clay) is derived from the French word "gicler" to spray. Giclιe is a process of sprayed ink. The resolution is far greater because when the ink is sprayed onto paper or canvass, and the colors blend together creating continuous tones.

Collage

PHOTOGRAPHY

Documentary Photography:

TANK MAN
TANK MAN VIDEO

DOROTHEA LANGE (1895-1965)
	J
DOROTHEA LANGE  P H O T O G R A P H S Stock Photos   Pulitzer Prizewinning Photography   Breaking News Photography   2000-present   Photography   1942-1967   Spot News Photography   1968-1999     World Press Photos of the Year       Ami Vitale - www.amivitale.com/main.html   Sacha Dean Bοyan - www.sachabiyan.com/flash.htm

CONCRETE PHOTOGRAPHY

Erika Blumenfeld

Erica photographs light.

Tom Shannon

The painter and the pendulum

Francis Bacon:
A Requiem
Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion

RADIOLAB - ON MEMORY

http://www.joeandoe.com

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FUNNY

CHILD PRODIGY

Marla Olmstead

Alexandra Nechita