
			J O H N C H I A P P O N E

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L I T E R A T U R E
Victor Borge on Phonetic Punctuation

Toni Morrison's Bluest Eye
From the Dick and Jane Reader

What is Toni Morrison trying to say?

PRESENTATIONS:

PowerPoint Presentation

PREZI

EXAMPLES OF SYMBOLISM:

Rocks – Jean-Paul Sartre used the symbol of rocks to represent people who fail to act and define themselves.

Crucifixion – One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Dead Man Walking used crucifixion to represent suffering and Christianity.

Roses – They represent purity and love because they sprang from the blood of Adonis who loved Aphrodite. A great example is
American Beauty.

Lawnmower – Used in Lawnmower Man, and Sling Blade. What could a lawnmower represent?

Weeds – A great example is Perre Shelton’s poem Dandelion. What do dandelions and weeds represent?

Train - Runaway Train / Harold and Maude – What does a train or disconnected boxcar represent?

Collaborate:

Give examples of symbolism.
Each group member needs to contribute at least one.

FOUR TYPES OF LITERATURE:

Fiction
Nonfiction
Drama
Poetry

FICTION: (nonfactual / imaginative)

Two Types:

Realistic (verisimilitude)
Nonrealistic (fantasy)

Two Categories:

Novel – A long work with many characters.
Short Story

NOVEL:

TYPES OF SUBJECT MATTER:

1. Sociological-panoramic: covers many years and settings.

2. Dramatic-intimate: covers a restricted time and setting.

TYPES OF NOVELS:

1. Epistolary – told through letters (The Color Purple)

2. Gothic – medieval mystery and terror (Fiction)

3. Historical – realistic epoch.

4. Manners – Social customs (Pride and Prejudice)

5. Picaresque – adventures of a traveler (Yhomas Nash – The Unfortunate Traveler)

6. Psychological – emphases is on the characters motives and inner-world that triggers events. Events also trigger the inner world. This raises the question: do we have free will, or are all our actions predetermined. (Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace)

7. Sentimental – exaggerated emotional focus (Samuel Richardson – Pamela)

SHORT STORIES:

Usually a single scene with few characters that are underdeveloped. Fables and folklores are examples. In a fable the characters are animals, and there is a moral to the story. (Aesop’s Fables)

NONFICTION: (factual)

TYPES:

1. Biography – about a person’s life.

2. Hagiogrphy – a biography about a religious person

3. Essay – Nonfiction Informal - brief, conversational, loose structure. Formal – longer, structured, impersonal subject, less emphasis on author’s personality.

4. Speech

TECHNICAL DEVICES

Point of View – the perspective from which the story is told.

Three Types:

1. First Person Singular – told from a character’s point of view

2. Third Person - has two types:
a. Singular – from a character that isn’t in the story.
b. Omniscient – from all the characters’ perspective or no characters’ perspective.

TONE:

How something is said changes the meaning.

P O E T R Y

Peter Gabriel - Mercy Street - Live in Milan 2003

Anne Sexton (1928 - 1974)
video | 45 Mercy Street | poems | life

William Shakespeare

SOME TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC

A short poem that is sung.
Again - John Legend (Def Poetry)

HAIKU
A Japanese poem written in three lines.

Five Syllables

Seven Syllables

Five Syllables

Does this poem have the right number of syllables per line? Here is a tip; try clapping.

A still water pond.

A rock that sits by the brook.

No ripples, no mind.

):(

John Chiappone

Collaborate:

Write a Heiku.

NARRATIVE POEMS

Poems that tell a story.

CONCRETE POEMS

Concrete poems arrange their words to create a picture of the subject of the poem (example).

FREE VERSE POETRY – Modern poetry that is free form like Jazz. It has no ridged structure, doesn't necessarily rhyme, sounds conversational, and improvisational.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

POET - the author of a poem.

SPEAKER - the “narrator” of a poem.

IMAGERY - Reading can cause sense perceptions like sights, sounds, tastes, tactile sensations, and smells.

METAPHOR - A direct comparison of two unlike things:

Juliet is the Sun, and I am the moon.

SIMILE - A comparison of two things using “like, as, or resembles.” For example: Juliet is like the Sun, and I resemble the moon. She’s like a maze where all the walls continually change. – Daughters by John Mayer

Collaborate:

Metaphor & Simile Writing Exercise

Free write

ONOMATOPOEIA - Words that imitate the sounds they describe.

Roy Lichtenstein Whaam

Examples: Buzz , oink, meow, roar, rip, zip, and zap.

HYPERBOLE - It is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. Hyperbole is used to create emphasis, but it is rarely meant to be taken literally.

Examples:

* These books weigh a ton. (The books are heavy.)

* The path went on forever. (The path was really long.)

* He jumped a mile. (He jumped very high.)

* I'm doing a million things right now. (I'm busy.)

* I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. (I'm very hungry)

PERSONIFICATION - Giving anthropomorphic (human) qualities to an animal or inanimate object.

Examples:

"Arise fair sun, and kill the envious moon." - Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare

FORM - the appearance of the words on the page

LINE - a line of the poem

STANZA - a paragraph or group of lines

Line:	As I was sitting in my chair,	end rhyme	Stanza
Line:	I knew the bottom wasn't there,	end rhyme
Line:	Nor legs nor back, but I just sat,	end rhyme
Line:	Ignoring little things like that.	end rhyme

TYPES OF STANZA:

Couplet - 2 lines

Triplet - 3 lines

Quatrain - 4 lines

Quintet - 5 lines

Sestet - 6 lines

Septet - 7 lines

Octave - 8 lines

STRUCTURE - Lines with the same: number of words, syllables, accents, rhyme etc.

SOUND STRUCTURE:

Four Types:

1. Rhyme – words that sound alike.

2. Alliteration – repeating an initial sound: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

3. Assonance – uses similar vowels: In Xanadu did Kubla Khan - by Coleridge
Mad as a Hatter

4. Consonance – repeated consonants: Susan’s Mississippi Sightseeing.

RHYTHM - The beat of a poem. Meter, rhyme, assonance, consonance, alliteration, and refrain contribute to a poem’s rhythm.

FOOT – a pattern of stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) syllables.

TYPES OF FEET:

Trochaic - stressed, unstressed

Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

Iambic - unstressed, stressed

Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed

METER - A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables on a line.

TYPES OF METER:

Monometer - 1 foot per line

Dimeter - 2 feet

Trimeter - 3 feet

Tetrameter - 4 feet

Pentameter - 5 feet

Hexameter - 6 feet

Heptameter - 7 feet

Octometer - 8 feet

RHYME - Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowels and consonants.

FLOWER

TOWER

END RHYME - words at the end of lines that rhyme.

Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer's Day?

by William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Sonnet #18

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date".

- William Shakespeare

INTERNAL RHYME - Words that rhyme inside a line.

The Raven
by Edgar Allan Poe (1809 – 1849)

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door -

Only this, and nothing more."

RHYME SCHEME - a pattern of rhymes:

Robert Herrick
To Anthea, who may Command him Anything

Bid me to weep, and I will weep	A
While I have eyes to see;	B
And having none, and yet I will keep	A
A heart to weep for thee.	B

My Mistress' Eyes are nothing like the Sun.
By William Shakespeare

Sonnet 130

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lip's red;

If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun,

If hair be wires, black wires grow on her head.

I have seen roses damasked, red and white,

But no such roses see I in her cheeks;

In some perfumes there is more delight

10 syllables

strong, weak, strong

Than the breath with which my mistress reeks.

I love to hear her speak, yet well I know,

Music hath a far more pleasing sound;

I grant I never saw a goddess go;

My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground.

And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare

As any she belied with false compare.

ASSONANCE - The repetition of vowels.

Examples of Assonance:

- Hear the mellow wedding bells. — Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells"

- That solitude which suits abstruser musings - Samuel Coleridge

- On a proud round cloud in a white high night - E. E. Cummings, if a Cheer Rules Elephant Angel Child Should

CONSONANCE - The repetition of the same consonants. For example: "all mammals named Sam are clammy".

ALLITERATION - Alliteration is a special case of consonance where the repeated consonant sound is at the beginning of each word, as in: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

REFRAIN - A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly. Here are some examples:

Nothing in this world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not: nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not: the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent.

- Calvin Coolidge (the 30th President of the United States)